Hyperlipidemia: Causes and Solutions | Latest Treatments and Prevention
Hello, this is the Wellness Guide, supporting your healthy lifestyle. Have you ever seen the words "dyslipidemia" or "hyperlipidemia" on your health checkup results and felt concerned? Hyperlipidemia, which is estimated to affect one in three Korean adults, is called a "silent killer" because it quietly approaches without any noticeable symptoms and damages our blood vessels. Due to Westernized eating habits and lack of exercise, the incidence of hyperlipidemia is gradually increasing among younger people, making it crucial for everyone, regardless of age or gender, to accurately understand its causes and solutions.
This blog post will provide detailed information on the causes and treatments of hyperlipidemia, based on the latest 2025 treatment guidelines. From the definition of hyperlipidemia to accurate diagnostic criteria, and most importantly, lifestyle modifications to manage hyperlipidemia through diet and exercise, to effective drug treatments and the latest trends, we'll answer all your questions about preventing and managing hyperlipidemia. Let's conquer hyperlipidemia and take the first step toward a healthy future together!
What is hyperlipidemia?
Hyperlipidemia refers to an excessive amount of lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood. Medically, it's more accurately called dyslipidemia. Our blood contains various lipids, which play crucial roles in cell membrane formation and hormone production. However, if the concentration of these lipids is too high or the level of good cholesterol (HDL) is too low, a persistent imbalance can lead to various health problems.
The main lipid components include LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. LDL cholesterol is known as "bad cholesterol," and it accumulates on blood vessel walls, causing arteriosclerosis. On the other hand, HDL cholesterol is known as "good cholesterol," and it helps prevent cardiovascular disease by transporting cholesterol accumulated in blood vessel walls to the liver for removal. Triglycerides are stored in the body when the calories we consume are used as energy and there's excess. Excessive levels can make the blood sticky, impeding blood flow and increasing the risk of conditions like pancreatitis.
Hyperlipidemia often has no specific symptoms in its early stages, making it difficult to recognize. Therefore, it's often discovered incidentally during health checkups, earning it the nickname "silent disease." However, if left untreated for a long time, waste products can accumulate in the blood vessels, causing arteriosclerosis, which narrows or hardens them. This can lead to serious cardiovascular diseases such as angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Therefore, regular checkups and proactive management are crucial.
Hyperlipidemia diagnostic criteria and normal values
Hyperlipidemia is diagnosed through a blood test, primarily based on total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. These values are most accurately measured in a fasting state, and the diagnostic criteria for hyperlipidemia are as follows. According to the latest domestic and international clinical guidelines as of 2025, target values may vary depending on risk, but the general normal values and diagnostic criteria for hyperlipidemia are as follows.
Total Cholesterol: The total amount of cholesterol in the blood. Normal level: Less than 200 mg/dL Borderline: 200-239 mg/dL High: 240 mg/dL or higher (criteria for diagnosing hyperlipidemia) LDL Cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol): This is the 'bad cholesterol' and is most important to manage for vascular health. Normal level: Less than 100 mg/dL Borderline: 100-129 mg/dL High: 130 mg/dL or higher (criteria for diagnosing hyperlipidemia) Very high: 190 mg/dL or higher (requires active treatment) HDL Cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol): This is the 'good cholesterol' and the higher the better. Normal level: 60 mg/dL or higher Borderline: 40-59 mg/dL Low: Less than 40 mg/dL (criteria for diagnosing hyperlipidemia) Triglycerides: Fat that remains after being used as an energy source. Normal level: Less than 150 mg/dL Borderline: 150-199 mg/dL High: 200 mg/dL or higher (criteria for diagnosing hyperlipidemia)In particular, LDL cholesterol target levels can vary depending on a patient's cardiovascular disease risk (e.g., high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, family history, etc.). For example, high-risk individuals with cardiovascular disease or diabetes should have an even stricter LDL cholesterol target of less than 70 mg/dL, or even less than 55 mg/dL. Therefore, if you have any abnormal findings during a health checkup, it is essential to consult a specialist to receive an accurate diagnosis and set a target level appropriate for your risk level. It is important to consider not only the numbers but also your overall health and risk factors comprehensively.
Solutions through improved lifestyle habits
Most causes of hyperlipidemia stem from lifestyle-related diseases. Therefore, the most important and fundamental way to treat hyperlipidemia, before medication, is to improve your lifestyle. Healthy lifestyle habits, such as managing your diet, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and moderating alcohol consumption, are highly effective in lowering blood cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. While many people find these habits challenging at first, consistent practice will undoubtedly lead to positive changes.
The importance of maintaining a healthy diet
Diet is a key factor in managing hyperlipidemia. Reducing saturated and trans fat intake and avoiding foods high in cholesterol are essential. Instead, consume plenty of whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids. In keeping with Korean eating habits, it's recommended to reduce sodium intake and include fiber-rich multigrain rice and a variety of side dishes made with vegetables. Improving your diet goes beyond simply lowering cholesterol levels; it also has a positive impact on blood pressure and blood sugar management, contributing to overall health.
The power of regular exercise
Regular physical activity is excellent for increasing HDL cholesterol levels and lowering triglyceride levels. It also aids weight loss and lowers blood pressure. It's recommended to consistently engage in aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes a day, three to five times a week. Rather than overdoing it right away, it's important to choose an exercise you enjoy, such as walking, jogging, or swimming, and make it a habit. Even small efforts to increase activity in your daily life, such as taking the stairs instead of the elevator or walking short distances, can make a big difference.
Maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and drinking in moderation
Obesity is a major cause of hyperlipidemia. Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for lowering LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Excess weight can increase insulin resistance, worsening blood lipid imbalances. Furthermore, smoking lowers HDL cholesterol levels and accelerates arteriosclerosis, while excessive drinking increases triglyceride levels, making it crucial to quit smoking and moderate drinking. All of these lifestyle changes are closely linked, and individual efforts will produce a synergistic effect.
Foods that are good for hyperlipidemia and foods to avoid
Managing your diet is key to lowering cholesterol. This is because blood lipid levels can vary significantly depending on what you eat. Let's take a closer look at foods that are good for hyperlipidemia and foods that should be avoided, which are easy to apply to the Korean diet.
Foods good for hyperlipidemia
Whole Grains and Multigrains: Instead of white rice, eat multigrain rice made from whole grains like brown rice, barley, and oats. Rich in dietary fiber, these foods inhibit cholesterol absorption and aid in its excretion. Fresh Vegetables and Fruits: Rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, and soluble fiber, in particular, is effective in lowering cholesterol levels. Eat plenty of colorful vegetables and fruits every day. Bluefish (Omega-3 Fatty Acids): Mackerel, tuna, saury, and salmon are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which help lower triglyceride levels and improve blood circulation. We recommend eating them at least twice a week. Beans and Nuts: Beans, tofu, and lentils are rich in protein and cholesterol-free, while nuts (almonds, walnuts, etc.) are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which are good for lowering LDL cholesterol levels. However, nuts are high in calories, so consume them in moderation. Vegetable Oils, such as Olive Oil and Canola Oil: Use vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids instead of saturated fats. Seaweed: Seaweed such as wakame and kelp is rich in soluble dietary fiber, which helps excrete cholesterol.Foods to avoid
Foods high in saturated fat: Fatty cuts of meat (pork belly, ribs, etc.), butter, cheese, heavy cream, poultry skin, and processed meats (sausage, ham) should be limited as they raise LDL cholesterol levels. Foods high in trans fat: Margarine, shortening, cookies, fast food, and fried foods should be absolutely avoided as they raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol. Foods high in cholesterol: Egg yolks, offal (liver, tripe, etc.), shrimp, and squid are high in cholesterol. However, recent reports suggest that dietary cholesterol has a smaller effect on blood cholesterol than in the past. However, people with hyperlipidemia should control their intake. Simple sugars and carbohydrates: Sugary drinks, cookies, and bread should be reduced as they raise triglyceride levels. Excessive carbohydrate intake can also cause triglyceride levels. Processed and instant foods: These are high in salt, sugar, and saturated fat, so limit them as much as possible and cook your own food with fresh ingredients.It's important to keep a food diary to understand your eating habits and gradually transition to a healthier diet. Consulting with a nutritionist to develop a personalized hyperlipidemia diet plan is also a good idea.
Effective exercise and weight management
Exercise is essential for improving blood lipid levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Regular physical activity is highly effective in increasing HDL cholesterol and lowering LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and these benefits are especially significant when combined with proper weight management. How can we effectively practice exercise, a key component of managing hyperlipidemia?
The Importance of Aerobic Exercise
Aerobic exercise is the most effective way to strengthen your cardiopulmonary function and burn fat. It's recommended to consistently engage in moderate-intensity or higher aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes, three to five times a week. Moderate intensity refers to a level of exercise where you can still have a conversation with someone nearby, but singing is difficult.
Walking and brisk walking: These are the easiest exercises to start. Develop a habit of walking consistently for at least 30 minutes a day. Using a pedometer can also help increase your daily activity level. Jogging and running: These are great for those who are physically fit. Maintaining proper footwear and posture is crucial to avoid straining your joints. Swimming: This is a great full-body workout that puts less strain on your joints. Cycling: Both outdoor riding and stationary cycling are effective aerobic exercises. Aerobics and dancing: Enjoyable exercises that burn calories and relieve stress.Concurrent strength training
It's recommended to combine aerobic exercise with strength training two to three times a week. Strength training increases muscle mass, boosting basal metabolic rate and helping reduce body fat. It also improves insulin resistance, positively impacting blood sugar control.
Light dumbbell exercises: Strengthen your arms, shoulders, and chest muscles. Squats and lunges: Effective for strengthening your lower body. Planks: Strengthen your core and improve your posture. Band exercises: Easy strength training exercises you can do at home.The key to weight management
Obesity is a major factor in worsening hyperlipidemia, so maintaining a healthy weight is crucial. Weight loss can effectively lower LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Rather than extreme dieting, the goal should be to gradually lose and maintain weight through a healthy diet and consistent exercise. In particular, abdominal obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, so focusing on reducing your waist circumference is recommended.
Experts emphasize that "when it comes to managing hyperlipidemia, exercise is not simply an additional activity, but rather a crucial component of treatment, just as important as diet." Its importance should not be overlooked, as evidenced by the saying, "Thirty minutes of regular exercise a day can outperform a single pill.".
Before beginning an exercise program, it's always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional, considering your health status. If you have heart disease or another chronic condition, you should be especially careful when planning your exercise plan.
Types and effects of drug treatment
If lifestyle changes alone are not enough to reach your target cholesterol level, or if you already have cardiovascular disease or are at high risk for developing it, hyperlipidemia medication is necessary. According to the latest 2025 clinical guidelines, the timing of drug treatment initiation and target levels are becoming more specific, based on the individual patient's risk. Let's explore the types and effects of drug therapy, a common cholesterol-lowering method.
Main drug treatment: Statins
Statins are the most basic medication for treating hyperlipidemia. They inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver, thereby strongly lowering LDL cholesterol levels. Their effectiveness in preventing cardiovascular disease has been proven to be the most robust, making them the most widely used. Rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, and simvastatin belong to this group. Statins not only reduce LDL cholesterol, but also contribute to lowering triglycerides and increasing HDL cholesterol. They also have been reported to have the additional effect of reducing vascular inflammation. However, some patients may experience side effects such as muscle pain and liver dysfunction, so regular blood tests are essential to monitor for these side effects.
Non-Statin Drugs
These drugs are used when it is difficult to reach the target level with statins alone, when it is difficult to take statins due to side effects, or when the therapeutic effect must be maximized in combination with statins.
Ezetimibe: A drug that inhibits cholesterol absorption in the intestines. When used in combination with statins, the LDL cholesterol-lowering effect can be further enhanced. PCSK9 Inhibitors: Alirocumab, Evolocumab, etc., are administered as injections. They have a very strong effect on lowering LDL levels and are mainly used for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia or very high-risk patients who are not controlled with statins. They are considered one of the most noteworthy drugs in the latest treatment trends in 2025 and are considered innovative treatments. Fibrates: They are mainly used for patients with very high triglyceride levels and are highly effective in lowering triglycerides. Omega-3 fatty acid preparations: High-dose omega-3 fatty acids help lower triglyceride levels. Bile acid absorption inhibitors: These inhibit cholesterol absorption in the intestines and help with cholesterol excretion.Drug treatment should be based on a specialist's accurate diagnosis and prescription. A customized treatment plan should be developed, taking into account each patient's individual health status, the presence of other medical conditions, and drug side effects. Discontinuing medication or adjusting the dosage on your own is extremely dangerous, so always consult your doctor. It's important to remember that hyperlipidemia medication is not a short-term solution; it's a long-term treatment requiring consistent administration and management.
Lifestyle tips for preventing hyperlipidemia
While hyperlipidemia requires ongoing management once it occurs, it is a lifestyle disease that can be prevented by practicing healthy lifestyle habits. We will once again emphasize and summarize the key lifestyle tips for preventing hyperlipidemia, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and maintaining a healthy life.
The most important rules for preventing hyperlipidemia are as follows:.
Maintain a balanced diet: Minimize your intake of foods high in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol. Focus on foods rich in fiber and unsaturated fatty acids, such as whole grains, fresh vegetables and fruits, beans, blue-backed fish, and nuts. Reduce your intake of salty foods, processed foods, and beverages high in sugar. Consume healthy fermented foods like kimchi and namul (Korean-style vegetables) and vegetable-based side dishes, while controlling sodium intake. Regular physical activity: Engage in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (walking, jogging, swimming, cycling, etc.) for at least 30 minutes daily, three to five times a week. Incorporate strength training at least twice a week to maintain muscle mass and increase your basal metabolic rate. Increase your daily activity level by taking the stairs instead of the elevator or walking short distances. Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, is a major cause of hyperlipidemia, so maintaining a healthy weight through a healthy diet and exercise is important. Aim for a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5–24.9 kg/m². Quitting smoking and drinking in moderation: Smoking lowers HDL cholesterol and promotes arteriosclerosis, so quitting is essential. Excessive drinking increases triglyceride levels, so moderation or abstaining from alcohol is recommended. Regular health checkups: Since many cases are asymptomatic, it's important to have regular blood tests to check your cholesterol and triglyceride levels at least once every two years. Adults over 30 should be especially proactive in their checkups, and if any abnormalities are found, consult a specialist for early management. Stress management and adequate sleep: Chronic stress can lead to hormonal imbalances, which can negatively impact hyperlipidemia. Find your own stress management methods and manage them. Adequate sleep of 7-8 hours per night is essential for regulating your body's rhythms and maintaining good health.Applying these lifestyle principles to your daily life may seem difficult at first. However, rather than trying to change everything at once, it's important to start small and steadily improve gradually. I hope that by making one small change, you can protect your vascular health and future health. Remember, your health will return to you as much as you take care of it.